• Dangdut Rhoma Irama

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Raden Haji Oma Irama (born December 11, 1946, in Tasikmalaya, West Java), known as Rhoma Irama, is an Indonesian dangdut musician, singer, songwriter, and actor.

Starting from the late 1960s, he began his musical career as Oma Irama as a part of the pop band Orkes Melayu Purnama, pioneering several dangdut music elements. He then formed his band Soneta Group, achieving multitudes of musical successes with groundbreaking dangdut style which incorporates Western, Malay, and Bollywood influences.

From the late 1970s, he began transforming into more Islamic-oriented style, commanding the religiously pious popular music culture.^[1] During the height of his stardom in the 1970s, he was dubbed 'Raja Dangdut' ('the King of Dangdut') with his Soneta Group.^[2]

He has also built his career on the film industry. He has been active as well on the political arena, with a history of joining campaigns for Islamic Party United Development Party (PPP).

• 2Career
• 3Politics
• 4Controversies
• 5Discography

Early life[edit]

Irama's parents assigned the priyayi noble title of Raden at birth to follow his Sundanese father, Raden Burdah Anggawirya, and mother, R.Hj. Tuti Juariah.^[3]

Career[edit]

1960s: Pre-Soneta[edit]

Oma Irama's first bands were known as Tornado and Gayhand, and covered Western rock and roll music of Paul Anka, Andy Williams, and The Beatles.^[4]

In the late 1960s Oma Irama, sang jawa and also some pop Indonesia music. In 1968 he joined the group Orkes Melayu Purnama in 1968. This group pioneered elements of the dangdut style within Orkes Melayu music – the drum was changed to double drum, the electric guitar's role was expanded, and the suling, or bamboo flute, adopted a style reminiscent of Bollywood music. He also recorded pop Indonesia music during this period with the Zaenal Combo and Galaksi, while the album Ingkar Janji was recorded in 1969 with Orkes Melayu Chandraleka.

Early 1970s: Soneta Group[edit]

Once Oma broke from recording with the Purnama Group, he formed Orkes Melayu Soneta (taken from English word sonnet), which became the first dangdut group in 1970. The subtitle, the sound of Moslems was added in 1973.

The group featured Oma Irama and Elvy Sukaesih as singers, both solo, and duets. Their first album, Volume 01, Begadang ('Stay up all night'), released in 1973, featured four songs by Oma Irama, three by Elvy, and three duets. The song featured a topless Oma Irama wearing tight trousers and holding an electric guitar. His choice of pose showed the influence on his music of Western bands, influences which also found their way into his music – Orkes Melayu was in his opinion was too soft, too acoustic, too polite, and unable to compete against the power and energy of rock music, and so the music was electrified, with keyboard, two electric guitars, electric bass, as well as the traditional suling and gendang. He has stated that he took his guitar style from Ritchie Blackmore of Deep Purple. In addition to Western and Malay influences, Hindi composers were credited for some of the band's songs.

Ron Barron, Trombone The New 18th Century Players Alain Trudel, conductor. Boston Brass Series BB-1007CD Track Listing: Concerto a Cinque Op. An Evening from the 18th Century: A Review. An Evening from the 18th Century. Personnel: Ronald Barron, alto trombone, James Sommerville, horn, Darren Acosta, alto trombone, and the New 18th Century Players, Alain Trudel, conductor. Famous trombone soloist and conductor Alain Trudel leads 'The New 18th Century Players' which includes members of the Boston Symphony. An evening from the 18th century barron trombone.

The Begadang album ranked #11 on Rolling Stone Indonesia's '150 Greatest Indonesian Albums of All Time' list.^[5] Furthermore, the main single 'Begadang' reached at number 24 on the magazine's '150 Greatest Indonesian Songs of All Time' list.^[6]

His 1973 hit 'Terajana', one of the best-known dangdut songs of all time, was the first to use the newly coined, and arguably derogatory, term dangdut, distinguishing the Javanese Orkes Melayu music, heavily influenced by Indian Bollywood records, henceforth dangdut, from the established Orkes Melayu, associated with North Sumatran Malays.

Once Soneta was established in the early 1970s, Oma changed his name to Rhoma and went on a decade long run of successful hit records and films, all of which starred Rhoma playing himself while performing all of his hits. He wrote the classics 'Kereta Malam' (night train) and 'Kuda Lumping' which were sung by Elvy Sukaesih.

Performing live, he adopted many of the props of stadium rock, including large audiences, powerful soundsystems, complex sets, fireworks, flashing lights, and smoke machines. He is also notable with the use of some notable musical instrument including various models of Steinberger guitars. This particular guitar was shown off in his posters, leaflets, movies, and pin-ups.

Late 1970s onward: Islamic pious music[edit]

Following his 1975 hajj, he took the name Rhoma Irama, which is an abbreviation of 'Raden Haji Oma Irama' (Raden is an aristocracy title for Javanese and Sundanese cultures). Following this pilgrimage, he took on a more explicit Islamic moral tone, adopting Islamic dress, shorter hairstyles, and ejecting band members who consumed alcohol or had extra-marital sex. He also resolved that his music should instruct, and not merely entertain, a form of devotion waged through music. Themes in his music included extra-marital sex, government corruption, drugs, and gambling.^[4] The song 'Haram' for instance, warns against both drugs and gambling, while the song 'Keramat' asserts the instructions in Islam to honor mothers.

His 1982 movie Perjuangan dan Doa (Struggle and Prayer) was described as the world's first Islamic rock musical movie.^{[citation needed]}

Politics[edit]

During Suharto-era[edit]

Rhoma Irama campaigned for Islamic party PPP from 1977 to 1982, and as a result he was banned from state television and radio by the Suharto regime, which was at that time enforcing separation of religion and state, and some of his songs were also banned from sale. The ban was lifted in 1988, and with Suharto himself moving towards Islam in the 1990s, dangdut became of the establishment.^{[citation needed]}

Indonesian presidential election, 2014[edit]

At the end of 2012, Rhoma Irama, stated his intention to contest the 2014 presidential election. The Wasiat Ulama association and the Indonesia Malay Musicians Association (PAMMI) have endorsed him.^[7]

By December 2013 Rhoma Irama is proposed as one of the National Awakening Party presidential candidate along with Jusuf Kalla and Mahfud MD.^[8]

Controversies[edit]

Regarding religious issues[edit]

In 2000s Rhoma was known to be a vocal critic of moral vice. His criticism often targeted fellow dangdut artist Inul Daratista over her dance style.^[9]

In 2003, neighbors followed by journalists caught both Rhoma Irama and Angel Lelga, an actress, in the latter's apartment at midnight. Rhoma and Angel first stated that they were discussing religion.^[10] After several revisions including Rhoma's picking up movie scripts, Angel confirmed that Rhoma had married her on 'siri' ground (unregistered at official record but permissible by Sharia) and later divorced her on the same day.^[11]

Allegation of racism and bigotry[edit]

During the 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election, Rhoma Irama was videotaped giving a political speech in a West Jakarta mosque. Rhoma Irama warned his audience against voting for candidate pair Joko Widodo and Basuki Cahaya Purnama because according to him, the former had Christian parents and the latter is Chinese and Christian. Some of his statements were: Muslims would see their reputation sink if they elected non-Muslims, calling people by their SARA (acronym for ethnic, religion, race) characteristics is justified when defending pribumi's interest, Joko Widodo is just a step for Basuki and Chinese to assume power. In his closing words he alleged 'ethnic Malay would face subjugation by Chinese in Jakarta as they did in Singapore when it gained independence from Malaysia should Basuki be allowed to govern'^[12] (Singapore did not gain independence from Malaysia but was expelled from Federation of Malaysia).

In Indonesia, attacking a person's race or religion in a political campaign is punishable by fine and prison time.^[13] Further added to the controversy was the fact that campaigning in a place of worship violates law.^[14] On August 6, the Election Observer Commission (Panwaslu) presided by Ramdansyah summoned him to begin investigation. The initial investigation ended with Rhoma Irama shedding tears in front of journalists^[15] saying 'to Joko Widodo and Basuki Purnama, I love them all' but insisted he did nothing wrong.^[16] Subsequent investigation saw Rhoma Irama and Fauzi Bowo (incumbent governor) denying that Rhoma was campaigning or working as Fauzi Bowo's campaigner^[17] despite Rhoma's own statement in June 2012 that he and his family had become one ^[18] and Rhoma's appearance in Fauzi Bowo's official campaign video.^[19]

Dangdut Rhoma Irama

Rhoma was eventually cleared of all charges by Panwaslu.^[20] However Ramdansyah was relieved from his post after another investigation into his neutrality concluded he was unfairly siding with Fauzi Bowo re-election team.^[21] Later, Rhoma met face to face with Joko Widodo in an episode of Indonesia Lawyers Club show albeit through teleconference medium. He refused to apologize to Joko for falsely stating to his audience about the religion of Joko's parents.^[22]

Discography[edit]

Pre Soneta[edit]

With OM Soneta[edit]

With Soneta Group (Volume Series)[edit]

Movie soundtracks and compilations[edit]

Rhoma Irama solo albums[edit]

Filmography[edit]

• Oma Irama Penasaran (1976)
• Gitar Tua Oma Irama (1977)
• Darah Muda (1977)
• Rhoma Irama Berkelana I (1978)
• Rhoma Irama Berkelana II (1978)
• Begadang (1978)
• Raja Dangdut (1978)
• Cinta Segitiga (1979)
• Camelia (1979)
• Perjuangan dan Doa (1980)
• Melody Cinta Rhoma Irama (1980)
• Badai di Awal Bahagia (1981)
• Sebuah Pengorbanan (1982)
• Satria Bergitar (1984)
• Pengabdian (1984)
• Kemilau Cinta di Langit Jingga (1985)
• Menggapai Matahari I (1986)
• Menggapai Matahari II (1986)
• Nada-nada Rindu (1987)
• Bunga Desa (1988)
• Jaka Swara (1990)
• Nada dan Dakwah (1991)
• Tabir Biru (1992)
• Dawai 2 Asmara (2010)
• Sajadah Ka'bah (2011)

References[edit]

1. ^Maribeth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto (2009). Deepening Democracy in Indonesia?: Direct Elections for Local Leaders (Pilkada). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p.219.
2. ^'Rhoma Irama'. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
3. ^'Rajadangdut.com'. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.
4. ^ ^abAndrew N. Weintraub, Dangdut Stories: A Social and Musical History of Indonesia's Most Popular Music, Oxford University Press, 2010; ISBN978-0-19-539567-9
5. ^Rolling Stone Special Edition: 150 Greatest Indonesian Albums of All Time (in Indonesian) (32nd ed.). Rolling Stone Indonesia. 2007. access-date= requires url= (help)
6. ^Rolling Stone Special Edition: 150 Greatest Indonesian Songs of All Time (in Indonesian) (56th ed.). Rolling Stone Indonesia. 2009.
7. ^''Dangdut' king ready for presidency'. The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
8. ^'PKB Proposes Rhoma Irama for President'. Tempo English Online. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
9. ^'Inul Daratista: 'The devil's dancer' - Greatreporter'. www.greatreporter.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014.
10. ^'Google Translate'. translate.google.com.
11. ^'Google Translate'. translate.google.com.
12. ^Video on YouTube
13. ^Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Pasal 78 huruf (b)
14. ^Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2004 pasal 78 huruf (i)
15. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
16. ^'Rhoma Irama Jokowi Ahok I love them all'. www.microsofttranslator.com.
17. ^'Google Translate'. translate.google.com.
18. ^'Google Translate'. translate.google.com.
19. ^Video on YouTube
20. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
21. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
22. ^Video on YouTube

External links[edit]

• 'Hips Don't Lie: A pop singer and a potentially violent culture war in the world's biggest Muslim state.', 'The Wall Street Journal', April 3, 2007
• Rhoma Irama Song Lyrics and Chords by Albums http://www.chordvisa.com